14HCl + 5Ni(NO3)2 🔥→ 4ClO2 + 10HNO2 + 5NiCl2 + 2H2O
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- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate
The reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate yields chlorine dioxide, nitrous acid, nickel(II) chloride, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCl | Hydrogen chloride | 14 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
| Ni(NO3)2 | Nickel(II) nitrate | 5 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ClO2 | Chlorine dioxide | 4 | Oxidized | – |
| HNO2 | Nitrous acid | 10 | Reduced | – |
| NiCl2 | Nickel(II) chloride | 5 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 2 | – | – |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition (1)
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate◆
ΔrG 1141.9 kJ/mol K 0.89 × 10−200 pK 200.05
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | 1388.1 | 1141.9 | 836.7 | – |
per 1 mol of | 99.150 | 81.564 | 59.76 | – |
per 1 mol of | 277.62 | 228.38 | 167.3 | – |
per 1 mol of | 347.02 | 285.48 | 209.2 | – |
per 1 mol of | 138.81 | 114.19 | 83.67 | – |
per 1 mol of | 277.62 | 228.38 | 167.3 | – |
per 1 mol of | 694.05 | 570.95 | 418.4 | – |
Changes in standard condition (2)
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and nickel(II) nitrate◆
ΔrG 1140.3 kJ/mol K 0.17 × 10−199 pK 199.77
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | 1277.7 | 1140.3 | 468.5 | – |
per 1 mol of | 91.264 | 81.450 | 33.46 | – |
per 1 mol of | 255.54 | 228.06 | 93.70 | – |
per 1 mol of | 319.43 | 285.07 | 117.1 | – |
per 1 mol of | 127.77 | 114.03 | 46.85 | – |
per 1 mol of | 255.54 | 228.06 | 93.70 | – |
per 1 mol of | 638.85 | 570.15 | 234.3 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCl (g) | -92.307[1] | -95.299[1] | 186.908[1] | 29.12[1] |
| HCl (ai) | -167.159[1] | -131.228[1] | 56.5[1] | -136.4[1] |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) | -415.1[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (ai) | -468.6[1] | -268.5[1] | 164.0[1] | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) 3 hydrate | -1326.3[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni(NO3)2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2211.7[1] | – | – | 464[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ClO2 (g) | 102.5[1] | 120.5[1] | 256.84[1] | 41.97[1] |
| ClO2 (ao) | 74.9[1] | 120.1[1] | 164.8[1] | – |
| HNO2 (g) cis | -77.99[1] | -42.94[1] | 248.76[1] | 44.77[1] |
| HNO2 (g) trans | -80.12[1] | -45.24[1] | 249.22[1] | 46.07[1] |
| HNO2 (g) | -79.5[1] | -46.0[1] | 254.1[1] | 45.6[1] |
| HNO2 (ao) | -119.2[1] | -50.6[1] | 135.6[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) | -305.332[1] | -259.032[1] | 97.65[1] | 71.67[1] |
| NiCl2 (ai) | -388.3[1] | -307.9[1] | -15.1[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -922.2[1] | -760.1[1] | 176[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1516.7[1] | -1234.9[1] | 243[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2103.17[1] | -1713.19[1] | 344.3[1] | – |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -92.307 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -95.299 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 186.908 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 29.12 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -167.159 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -131.228 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 56.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -136.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -415.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -468.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -268.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 164.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1326.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2211.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 464. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 102.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 120.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 256.84 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 41.97 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 74.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 120.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 164.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -77.99 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -42.94 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 248.76 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 44.77 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -80.12 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -45.24 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 249.22 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 46.07 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -79.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -46.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 254.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 45.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -119.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -50.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 135.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -305.332 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -259.032 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 97.65 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 71.67 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -388.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -307.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -15.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -922.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -760.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 176. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1516.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1234.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 243. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2103.17 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1713.19 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 344.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1