29CdCl2 + 16KMnO4 + 58H+ → 29Cd2+ + 10HClO4 + 16MnCl2 + 16KCl + 24H2O
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- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 29CdCl2Cadmium chloride + 16KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 58H+Hydrogen ion29Cd2+Cadmium ion + 10HClO4Perchloric acid + 16MnCl2Manganese(II) chloride + 16KClPotassium chloride + 24H2OWater⟶
The reaction of cadmium chloride, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen ion yields cadmium ion, perchloric acid, manganese(II) chloride, potassium chloride, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 29CdCl2Cadmium chloride + 16KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 58H+Hydrogen ion29Cd2+Cadmium ion + 10HClO4Perchloric acid + 16MnCl2Manganese(II) chloride + 16KClPotassium chloride + 24H2OWater⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
Reactants
Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
CdCl2 | Cadmium chloride | 29 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
KMnO4 | Potassium permanganate | 16 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
H+ | Hydrogen ion | 58 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd2+ | Cadmium ion | 29 | – | – |
HClO4 | Perchloric acid | 10 | Oxidized | – |
MnCl2 | Manganese(II) chloride | 16 | Reduced | – |
KCl | Potassium chloride | 16 | – | – |
H2O | Water | 24 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition (1)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −961.7 kJ/mol K 3.04 × 10168 pK −168.48
Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −1351.0 | −961.7 | −1309.1 | – |
per 1 mol of | −46.586 | −33.16 | −45.141 | – |
per 1 mol of | −84.438 | −60.11 | −81.819 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −23.293 | −16.58 | −22.571 | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | −46.586 | −33.16 | −45.141 | – |
per 1 mol of | −135.10 | −96.17 | −130.91 | – |
per 1 mol of | −84.438 | −60.11 | −81.819 | – |
per 1 mol of | −84.438 | −60.11 | −81.819 | – |
per 1 mol of | −56.292 | −40.07 | −54.546 | – |
Changes in standard condition (2)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −980.9 kJ/mol K 7.02 × 10171 pK −171.85
Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | – | −980.9 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −33.82 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −61.31 | – | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | – | −16.91 | – | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | – | −33.82 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −98.09 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −61.31 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −61.31 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −40.87 | – | – |
Changes in standard condition (3)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −404.3 kJ/mol K 6.77 × 1070 pK −70.83
Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −1501.8 | −404.3 | −3690.0 | – |
per 1 mol of | −51.786 | −13.94 | −127.24 | – |
per 1 mol of | −93.862 | −25.27 | −230.63 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −25.893 | −6.971 | −63.621 | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | −51.786 | −13.94 | −127.24 | – |
per 1 mol of | −150.18 | −40.43 | −369.00 | – |
per 1 mol of | −93.862 | −25.27 | −230.63 | – |
per 1 mol of | −93.862 | −25.27 | −230.63 | – |
per 1 mol of | −62.575 | −16.85 | −153.75 | – |
Changes in standard condition (4)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −423.5 kJ/mol K 1.56 × 1074 pK −74.19
Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | – | −423.5 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −14.60 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −26.47 | – | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | – | −7.302 | – | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | – | −14.60 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −42.35 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −26.47 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −26.47 | – | – |
per 1 mol of | – | −17.65 | – | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CdCl2 (cr) | -391.50[1] | -343.93[1] | 115.27[1] | 74.68[1] |
CdCl2 (ai) | -410.20[1] | -340.068[1] | 39.7[1] | – |
CdCl2 (ao) | -405.0[1] | -359.29[1] | 121.8[1] | – |
CdCl2 (cr) 1 hydrate | -688.44[1] | -586.975[1] | 167.8[1] | – |
CdCl2 (cr) 2.5 hydrate | -1131.94[1] | -943.939[1] | 227.2[1] | – |
KMnO4 (cr) | -837.2[1] | -737.6[1] | 171.71[1] | 117.57[1] |
KMnO4 (ai) | -793.8[1] | -730.5[1] | 293.7[1] | -60.2[1] |
H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (g):Gas
Thermodynamic data of products
Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd2+ (g) | 2623.54[1] | – | – | – |
Cd2+ (ao) | -75.90[1] | -77.612[1] | -73.2[1] | – |
HClO4 (l) | -40.58[1] | – | – | – |
HClO4 (ai) | -129.33[1] | -8.52[1] | 182.0[1] | – |
HClO4 (cr) 1 hydrate | -382.21[1] | – | – | – |
HClO4 (l) 2 hydrate | -677.98[1] | – | – | – |
MnCl2 (cr) | -481.29[1] | -440.50[1] | 118.24[1] | 72.93[1] |
MnCl2 (g) | -263.6[1] | – | – | – |
MnCl2 (ai) | -555.05[1] | -490.8[1] | 38.9[1] | -222[1] |
MnCl2 (ao) | – | -492.0[1] | – | – |
MnCl2 (cr) 1 hydrate | -789.9[1] | -696.1[1] | 174.1[1] | – |
MnCl2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -1092.0[1] | -942.1[1] | 218.8[1] | – |
MnCl2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1687.4[1] | -1423.6[1] | 303.3[1] | – |
KCl (cr) | -436.747[1] | -409.14[1] | 82.59[1] | 51.30[1] |
KCl (g) | -214.14[1] | -233.0[1] | 239.10[1] | 36.48[1] |
KCl (ai) | -419.53[1] | -414.49[1] | 159.0[1] | -114.6[1] |
H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -391.50 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -343.93 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 115.27 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 74.68 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -410.20 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -340.068 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 39.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -405.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -359.29 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 121.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -688.44 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -586.975 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 167.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1131.94 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -943.939 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 227.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -837.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -737.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 171.71 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 117.57 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -793.8 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -730.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 293.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -60.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2623.54 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -75.90 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -77.612 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -73.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -40.58 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -129.33 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -8.52 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 182.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -382.21 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -677.98 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -481.29 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -440.50 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 118.24 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 72.93 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -263.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -555.05 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -490.8 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 38.9 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -222. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -492.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -789.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -696.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 174.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1092.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -942.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 218.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1687.4 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1423.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 303.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -436.747 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -409.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 82.59 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 51.30 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -214.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -233.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 239.10 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 36.48 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -419.53 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -414.49 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 159.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -114.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1