3NiCl2 + 2KMnO4 + 8H+ → 3Ni2+ + 3Cl2↑ + 2MnO2 + 2K+ + 4H2O
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- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 3NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 2KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 8H+Hydrogen ion3Ni2+Nickel(II) ion + 3↑ + 2MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 2K+Potassium ion + 4H2OWater⟶
The reaction of nickel(II) chloride, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen ion yields nickel(II) ion, , manganese(IV) oxide, potassium ion, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 3NiCl2Nickel(II) chloride + 2KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 8H+Hydrogen ion3Ni2+Nickel(II) ion + 3↑ + 2MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 2K+Potassium ion + 4H2OWater⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiCl2 | Nickel(II) chloride | 3 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
| KMnO4 | Potassium permanganate | 2 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 8 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni2+ | Nickel(II) ion | 3 | – | – |
| 3 | Oxidized | – | ||
| MnO2 | Manganese(IV) oxide | 2 | Reduced | – |
| K+ | Potassium ion | 2 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 4 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition (1)
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −197.4 kJ/mol K 3.83 × 1034 pK −34.58
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −97.6 | −197.4 | 331.1 | – |
per 1 mol of | −32.5 | −65.80 | 110.4 | – |
per 1 mol of | −48.8 | −98.70 | 165.6 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −12.2 | −24.68 | 41.39 | – |
per 1 mol of Nickel(II) ion | −32.5 | −65.80 | 110.4 | – |
| −32.5 | −65.80 | 110.4 | – | |
per 1 mol of | −48.8 | −98.70 | 165.6 | – |
per 1 mol of Potassium ion | −48.8 | −98.70 | 165.6 | – |
per 1 mol of | −24.4 | −49.35 | 82.78 | – |
Changes in standard condition (2)
- Reaction of nickel(II) chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −176.6 kJ/mol K 8.69 × 1030 pK −30.94
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −167.8 | −176.6 | 25 | – |
per 1 mol of | −55.93 | −58.87 | 8.3 | – |
per 1 mol of | −83.90 | −88.30 | 13 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −20.98 | −22.07 | 3.1 | – |
per 1 mol of Nickel(II) ion | −55.93 | −58.87 | 8.3 | – |
| −55.93 | −58.87 | 8.3 | – | |
per 1 mol of | −83.90 | −88.30 | 13 | – |
per 1 mol of Potassium ion | −83.90 | −88.30 | 13 | – |
per 1 mol of | −41.95 | −44.15 | 6.3 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiCl2 (cr) | -305.332[1] | -259.032[1] | 97.65[1] | 71.67[1] |
| NiCl2 (ai) | -388.3[1] | -307.9[1] | -15.1[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -922.2[1] | -760.1[1] | 176[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1516.7[1] | -1234.9[1] | 243[1] | – |
| NiCl2 (cr) 6 hydrate | -2103.17[1] | -1713.19[1] | 344.3[1] | – |
| KMnO4 (cr) | -837.2[1] | -737.6[1] | 171.71[1] | 117.57[1] |
| KMnO4 (ai) | -793.8[1] | -730.5[1] | 293.7[1] | -60.2[1] |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni2+ (g) | 2931.390[1] | – | – | – |
| Ni2+ (ao) | -54.0[1] | -45.6[1] | -128.9[1] | – |
| (g) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 223.066[1] | 33.907[1] |
| (ao) | -23.4[1] | 6.94[1] | 121[1] | – |
| MnO2 (cr) | -520.03[1] | -465.14[1] | 53.05[1] | 54.14[1] |
| MnO2 (am) precipitated | -502.5[1] | – | – | – |
| K+ (g) | 514.26[1] | – | – | – |
| K+ (ao) | -252.38[1] | -283.27[1] | 102.5[1] | 21.8[1] |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (am):Amorphous solid, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -305.332 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -259.032 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 97.65 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 71.67 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -388.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -307.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -15.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -922.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -760.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 176. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1516.7 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1234.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 243. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -2103.17 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1713.19 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 344.3 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -837.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -737.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 171.71 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 117.57 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -793.8 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -730.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 293.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -60.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2931.390 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -54.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -45.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -128.9 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 223.066 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.907 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -23.4 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 6.94 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 121. J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -520.03 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -465.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 53.05 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 54.14 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -502.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 514.26 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -252.38 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -283.27 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 102.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 21.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1