4CdCl2 + 8KMnO4 + 8H+ → 4Cd2+ + 3KClO4 + 8MnO2 + 5KCl + 4H2O
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- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 4CdCl2Cadmium chloride + 8KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 8H+Hydrogen ion4Cd2+Cadmium ion + 3KClO4Potassium perchlorate + 8MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 5KClPotassium chloride + 4H2OWater⟶
The reaction of cadmium chloride, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen ion yields cadmium ion, potassium perchlorate, manganese(IV) oxide, potassium chloride, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
- 4CdCl2Cadmium chloride + 8KMnO4Potassium permanganate + 8H+Hydrogen ion4Cd2+Cadmium ion + 3KClO4Potassium perchlorate + 8MnO2Manganese(IV) oxide + 5KClPotassium chloride + 4H2OWater⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CdCl2 | Cadmium chloride | 4 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
| KMnO4 | Potassium permanganate | 8 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 8 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd2+ | Cadmium ion | 4 | – | – |
| KClO4 | Potassium perchlorate | 3 | Oxidized | – |
| MnO2 | Manganese(IV) oxide | 8 | Reduced | – |
| KCl | Potassium chloride | 5 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 4 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition (1)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −723.6 kJ/mol K 5.88 × 10126 pK −126.77
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −858.7 | −723.6 | −448.7 | – |
per 1 mol of | −214.7 | −180.9 | −112.2 | – |
per 1 mol of | −107.3 | −90.45 | −56.09 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −107.3 | −90.45 | −56.09 | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | −214.7 | −180.9 | −112.2 | – |
per 1 mol of | −286.2 | −241.2 | −149.6 | – |
per 1 mol of | −107.3 | −90.45 | −56.09 | – |
per 1 mol of | −171.7 | −144.7 | −89.74 | – |
per 1 mol of | −214.7 | −180.9 | −112.2 | – |
Changes in standard condition (2)
- Reaction of cadmium chloride and potassium permanganate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG −646.7 kJ/mol K 1.98 × 10113 pK −113.30
| Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | −879.5 | −646.7 | −777.1 | – |
per 1 mol of | −219.9 | −161.7 | −194.3 | – |
per 1 mol of | −109.9 | −80.84 | −97.14 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | −109.9 | −80.84 | −97.14 | – |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | −219.9 | −161.7 | −194.3 | – |
per 1 mol of | −293.2 | −215.6 | −259.0 | – |
per 1 mol of | −109.9 | −80.84 | −97.14 | – |
per 1 mol of | −175.9 | −129.3 | −155.4 | – |
per 1 mol of | −219.9 | −161.7 | −194.3 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CdCl2 (cr) | -391.50[1] | -343.93[1] | 115.27[1] | 74.68[1] |
| CdCl2 (ai) | -410.20[1] | -340.068[1] | 39.7[1] | – |
| CdCl2 (ao) | -405.0[1] | -359.29[1] | 121.8[1] | – |
| CdCl2 (cr) 1 hydrate | -688.44[1] | -586.975[1] | 167.8[1] | – |
| CdCl2 (cr) 2.5 hydrate | -1131.94[1] | -943.939[1] | 227.2[1] | – |
| KMnO4 (cr) | -837.2[1] | -737.6[1] | 171.71[1] | 117.57[1] |
| KMnO4 (ai) | -793.8[1] | -730.5[1] | 293.7[1] | -60.2[1] |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (g):Gas
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd2+ (g) | 2623.54[1] | – | – | – |
| Cd2+ (ao) | -75.90[1] | -77.612[1] | -73.2[1] | – |
| KClO4 (cr) | -432.75[1] | -303.09[1] | 151.0[1] | 112.38[1] |
| KClO4 (ai) | -381.71[1] | -291.79[1] | 284.5[1] | – |
| MnO2 (cr) | -520.03[1] | -465.14[1] | 53.05[1] | 54.14[1] |
| MnO2 (am) precipitated | -502.5[1] | – | – | – |
| KCl (cr) | -436.747[1] | -409.14[1] | 82.59[1] | 51.30[1] |
| KCl (g) | -214.14[1] | -233.0[1] | 239.10[1] | 36.48[1] |
| KCl (ai) | -419.53[1] | -414.49[1] | 159.0[1] | -114.6[1] |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (am):Amorphous solid, (l):Liquid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -391.50 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -343.93 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 115.27 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 74.68 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -410.20 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -340.068 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 39.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -405.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -359.29 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 121.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -688.44 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -586.975 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 167.8 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1131.94 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -943.939 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 227.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -837.2 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -737.6 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 171.71 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 117.57 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -793.8 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -730.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 293.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -60.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2623.54 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -75.90 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -77.612 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -73.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -432.75 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -303.09 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 151.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 112.38 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -381.71 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -291.79 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 284.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -520.03 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -465.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 53.05 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 54.14 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -502.5 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -436.747 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -409.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 82.59 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 51.30 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -214.14 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -233.0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 239.10 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 36.48 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -419.53 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -414.49 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 159.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -114.6 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1