5HCl + 4Cd(NO3)2 + 8H+ 🔥→ 5HClO4 + 4N2 + 4Cd2+ + 4H2O
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- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and cadmium nitrate under acidic condition
- 5HClHydrogen chloride + 4Cd(NO3)2Cadmium nitrate + 8H+Hydrogen ion5HClO4Perchloric acid + 4 + 4Cd2+Cadmium ion + 4H2OWater🔥⟶
The reaction of hydrogen chloride, cadmium nitrate, and hydrogen ion yields perchloric acid, , cadmium ion, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and cadmium nitrate under acidic condition
- 5HClHydrogen chloride + 4Cd(NO3)2Cadmium nitrate + 8H+Hydrogen ion5HClO4Perchloric acid + 4 + 4Cd2+Cadmium ion + 4H2OWater🔥⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and cadmium nitrate under acidic condition
Reactants
Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCl | Hydrogen chloride | 5 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable |
Cd(NO3)2 | Cadmium nitrate | 4 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
H+ | Hydrogen ion | 8 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
HClO4 | Perchloric acid | 5 | Oxidized | – |
4 | Reduced | – | ||
Cd2+ | Cadmium ion | 4 | – | – |
H2O | Water | 4 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Changes in standard condition
- Reaction of hydrogen chloride and cadmium nitrate under acidic condition◆
ΔrG 555.02 kJ/mol K 0.58 × 10−97 pK 97.24
Standard enthalpy of reaction ΔrH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of reaction ΔrG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard entropy of reaction ΔrS° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard heat capacity of reaction at constant pressure ΔrCp° J · K−1 · mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
per 1 mol of Equation | 704.71 | 555.02 | 502.0 | – |
per 1 mol of | 140.94 | 111.00 | 100.4 | – |
per 1 mol of | 176.18 | 138.75 | 125.5 | – |
per 1 mol of Hydrogen ion | 88.089 | 69.377 | 62.75 | – |
per 1 mol of | 140.94 | 111.00 | 100.4 | – |
176.18 | 138.75 | 125.5 | – | |
per 1 mol of Cadmium ion | 176.18 | 138.75 | 125.5 | – |
per 1 mol of | 176.18 | 138.75 | 125.5 | – |
Thermodynamic data of reactants
Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCl (g) | -92.307[1] | -95.299[1] | 186.908[1] | 29.12[1] |
HCl (ai) | -167.159[1] | -131.228[1] | 56.5[1] | -136.4[1] |
Cd(NO3)2 (cr) | -456.31[1] | – | – | – |
Cd(NO3)2 (ai) | -490.62[1] | -300.11[1] | 219.7[1] | – |
Cd(NO3)2 (cr) 2 hydrate | -1055.62[1] | – | – | – |
Cd(NO3)2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1648.96[1] | – | – | – |
H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
HClO4 (l) | -40.58[1] | – | – | – |
HClO4 (ai) | -129.33[1] | -8.52[1] | 182.0[1] | – |
HClO4 (cr) 1 hydrate | -382.21[1] | – | – | – |
HClO4 (l) 2 hydrate | -677.98[1] | – | – | – |
(g) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 191.61[1] | 29.125[1] |
Cd2+ (g) | 2623.54[1] | – | – | – |
Cd2+ (ao) | -75.90[1] | -77.612[1] | -73.2[1] | – |
H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (l):Liquid, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (cr):Crystalline solid, (g):Gas, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, -92.307 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -95.299 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 186.908 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 29.12 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -167.159 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -131.228 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 56.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -136.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -456.31 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -490.62 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -300.11 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 219.7 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1055.62 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1648.96 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -40.58 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -129.33 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -8.52 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 182.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -382.21 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -677.98 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 191.61 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 29.125 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 2623.54 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -75.90 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -77.612 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -73.2 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1