8Au + Ca(ClO4)2 + 10H+ 🔥→ 8Au+ + HCl↑ + Ca2+ + HClO4 + 4H2O
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- Reaction of and calcium perchlorate under acidic condition
- 8 + Ca(ClO4)2Calcium perchlorate + 10H+Hydrogen ion8Au+Gold(I) ion + HCl↑Hydrogen chloride + Ca2+Calcium ion + HClO4Perchloric acid + 4H2OWater🔥⟶
The reaction of , calcium perchlorate, and hydrogen ion yields gold(I) ion, hydrogen chloride, calcium ion, perchloric acid, and water (Other reactions are here). This reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction and is classified as follows:
Table of contents
Reaction data
Chemical equation
- Reaction of and calcium perchlorate under acidic condition
- 8 + Ca(ClO4)2Calcium perchlorate + 10H+Hydrogen ion8Au+Gold(I) ion + HCl↑Hydrogen chloride + Ca2+Calcium ion + HClO4Perchloric acid + 4H2OWater🔥⟶
General equation
- Reaction of hardly oxidizable species and oxidizing species under acidic condition
- Hardly oxidizable speciesReducing agent + Oxidizing speciesOxidizing agent + H+Non-redox agent ⟶ ProductOxidation product + ProductReduction product + H2ONon-redox product
Oxidation state of each atom
- Reaction of and calcium perchlorate under acidic condition
Reactants
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | Reducing | Hardly oxidizable | ||
| Ca(ClO4)2 | Calcium perchlorate | 1 | Oxidizing | Oxidizing under acidic condition |
| H+ | Hydrogen ion | 10 | – | Hydrogen ion |
Products
| Chemical formula | Name | Coefficient | Type | Type in general equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Au+ | Gold(I) ion | 8 | Oxidized | – |
| HCl | Hydrogen chloride | 1 | Reduced | – |
| Ca2+ | Calcium ion | 1 | – | – |
| HClO4 | Perchloric acid | 1 | – | – |
| H2O | Water | 4 | – | Water |
Thermodynamic changes
Thermodynamic data of reactants
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (cr) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 47.40[1] | 25.418[1] |
| (g) | 366.1[1] | 326.3[1] | 180.503[1] | 20.786[1] |
| Ca(ClO4)2 (cr) | -736.76[1] | – | – | – |
| Ca(ClO4)2 (ai) | -801.49[1] | -570.62[1] | 310.9[1] | – |
| Ca(ClO4)2 (cr) 4 hydrate | -1948.9[1] | -1476.47[1] | 433.5[1] | – |
| H+ (g) | 1536.202[1] | – | – | – |
| H+ (ao) | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] | 0[1] |
* (cr):Crystalline solid, (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution
Thermodynamic data of products
| Chemical formula | Standard enthalpy of formation ΔfH° kJ · mol−1 | Standard Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG° kJ · mol−1 | Standard molar entropy S° J · K−1 · mol−1 | Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp° J · K−1 · mol−1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Au+ (g) | 1262.44[1] | – | – | – |
| HCl (g) | -92.307[1] | -95.299[1] | 186.908[1] | 29.12[1] |
| HCl (ai) | -167.159[1] | -131.228[1] | 56.5[1] | -136.4[1] |
| Ca2+ (g) | 1925.90[1] | – | – | – |
| Ca2+ (ao) | -542.83[1] | -553.58[1] | -53.1[1] | – |
| HClO4 (l) | -40.58[1] | – | – | – |
| HClO4 (ai) | -129.33[1] | -8.52[1] | 182.0[1] | – |
| HClO4 (cr) 1 hydrate | -382.21[1] | – | – | – |
| HClO4 (l) 2 hydrate | -677.98[1] | – | – | – |
| H2O (cr) | – | – | – | – |
| H2O (l) | -285.830[1] | -237.129[1] | 69.91[1] | 75.291[1] |
| H2O (g) | -241.818[1] | -228.572[1] | 188.825[1] | 33.577[1] |
* (g):Gas, (ai):Ionized aqueous solution, (ao):Un-ionized aqueous solution, (l):Liquid, (cr):Crystalline solid
References
List of references
- 1Janiel J. Reed (1989)The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI UnitsNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 47.40 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 25.418 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 366.1 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 326.3 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 180.503 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 20.786 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -736.76 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -801.49 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -570.62 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 310.9 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -1948.9 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -1476.47 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 433.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1536.202 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, 0 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1262.44 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -92.307 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -95.299 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 186.908 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 29.12 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -167.159 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -131.228 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 56.5 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, -136.4 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, 1925.90 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -542.83 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -553.58 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, -53.1 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -40.58 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -129.33 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -8.52 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 182.0 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -382.21 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -677.98 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -285.830 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -237.129 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 69.91 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 75.291 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ ΔfH°, -241.818 kJ · mol−1
- ^ ΔfG°, -228.572 kJ · mol−1
- ^ S°, 188.825 J · K−1 · mol−1
- ^ Cp°, 33.577 J · K−1 · mol−1