2-Propanol

Last updated: March 19, 2023

2-Propanol is an organic compound with formula CH₃CHOHCH₃.

Table of contents

Names

List of substance names

Nomenclature

Name

Typical name: 2-Propanol

Substitutive nomenclature: Propan-2-ol
★Preferred IUPAC name

Functional class nomenclature: 2-Propyl alcohol

Other names: 2-Propanol; Isopropanol; Isopropyl alcohol; IPA; i-PrOH

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Formula name

Formula

Typical formula: CH₃CHOHCH₃

Molecular formula: C₃H₈O

Empirical formula: C₃H₈O; CH₃CHOHCH₃

Structural formula

Structural formula with no C–H bond

Skeletal formula

Skeletal formula with terminal carbon

Lewis structure

Colored Lewis structure

Properties

List of substance properties

Item

Value

Name: 2-Propanol

Formula: CH₃CHOHCH₃

Appearance: Colorless liquid

Odor: Alcoholic, unpleasant odor^[1]; Slight, alcoholic, acetone odor^[2]; Alcoholic odor^[3]; Strong, musty, alcoholic odor^[4]

Molar mass: 60.096 g/mol

Density: 0.78505 g/cm³^[2]
Liquid, 20°C; 0.78084 g/cm³^[2]
Liquid, 25°C; 0.7855 g/cm³^[5][6]
Liquid, 20°C

Melting point: −88.5 °C^[2]; −89.5 °C^[5]; −87.91 °C^[6]

Boiling point: 82.5 °C^[2]
at 101.3 kPa; 82.4 °C^[5]; 82.21 °C^[6]

Flash point: 11.7 °C^[2]; 12 °C^[5]

Refractive index: 1.37723^[2]
20°C; 1.3749^[2]
25°C; 1.3772^[5]
20°C; 1.3776^[6]
20°C

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Atom	Name	Oxidation state	Number
C	Carbon	−3	2
H	Hydrogen	+1	8
C	Carbon	0	1
O	Oxygen	−2	1

Ratio of atoms

Atom	Atomic weight	Number	Atomic ratio	Weight ratio
C	12.011	3	25.00%	59.96%
H	1.008	8	66.67%	13.42%
O	15.999	1	8.33%	26.62%

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Item

Value

Enthalpy of fusion: 5.37 kJ · mol⁻¹^[5]
at −88.5°C; 5.41 kJ · mol⁻¹^[6]
at -87.91°C

Enthalpy of vaporization: 39.9 kJ · mol⁻¹^[5]
at 82.5°C; 39.85 kJ · mol⁻¹^[6]
at 82.21°C

Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C: 45.4 kJ · mol⁻¹^[5]; 45.39 kJ · mol⁻¹^[6]

Enthalpy of other transition: –

Standard thermodynamic properties

State	Standard enthalpy of formation Δ_fH° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard Gibbs energy of formation Δ_fG° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar entropy S° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure C_p° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹
Liquid	−318.1^[5]	−180.3^[5]	181.1^[5]	155.0^[5]
Gas	−272.6^[5]	−173.4^[5]	309.2^[5]	89.3^[5]

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Reactive

Miscible: H₂O^[2][5][6]Water
C₂H₅OH^[2][5][6]Ethanol
C₂H₅OC₂H₅^[2][5]Diethyl ether
CHCl₃^[2][5][6]Trichloromethane

Very soluble: C₆H₆^[6]Benzene

Soluble: CH₃COCH₃^[6]Acetone
CHCl₃^[6]Trichloromethane

Slightly soluble

Very slightly soluble

Insoluble

Hazards

GHS label^[7]

Item

Value

Hazard pictograms: GHS02: Flame; GHS07: Exclamation mark; GHS08: Health hazard

Signal word: Danger

Hazard statements: H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapor; H319: Causes serious eye irritation; H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child; H370: Causes damage to organs; H370: Causes damage to central nervous system; H370: Causes systemic toxicity; H335: May cause respiratory irritation; H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H372: Causes damage to blood system through prolonged or repeated exposure; H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; H373: May cause damage to respiratory system through prolonged or repeated exposure; H373: May cause damage to liver through prolonged or repeated exposure; H373: May cause damage to spleen through prolonged or repeated exposure

Physical hazards^[7]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Explosives	Not applicable
Flammable gases	Not applicable
Aerosols	Not applicable
Oxidizing gases	Not applicable
Gases under pressure	Not applicable
Flammable liquids	Category 2	Danger	H225: Highly flammable liquid and vapor
Flammable solids	Not applicable
Self reactive substances and mixtures	Not applicable
Pyrophoric liquids	Not classified
Pyrophoric solids	Not applicable
Self heating substances and mixtures	Classification not possible
Substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases	Not applicable
Oxidizing liquids	Not applicable
Oxidizing solids	Not applicable
Organic peroxides	Not applicable
Substances and mixtures corrosive to metals	Classification not possible
Desensitized explosives	No data

Health hazards^[7]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Acute oral toxicity	Not classified
Acute dermal toxicity	Not classified
Acute inhalation toxicity by gas	Not applicable
Acute inhalation toxicity by vapor	Not classified
Acute inhalation toxicity by dust or mist	Classification not possible
Skin corrosion irritation	Not classified
Serious eye damage eye irritation	Category 2	Warning	H319: Causes serious eye irritation
Respiratory sensitization	Classification not possible
Skin sensitization	Classification not possible
Germ cell mutagenicity	Classification not possible
Carcinogenicity	Classification not possible
Reproductive toxicity	Category 2	Warning	H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)	Category 1 (Central nervous system, Systemic toxicity)	Danger	H370: Causes damage to organs H370: Causes damage to central nervous system H370: Causes systemic toxicity
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)	Category 3 (Respiratory tract irritation)	Warning	H335: May cause respiratory irritation
Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)	Category 1 (Blood system)	Danger	H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure H372: Causes damage to blood system through prolonged or repeated exposure
Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)	Category 2 (Respiratory system, Liver, Spleen)	Warning	H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure H373: May cause damage to respiratory system through prolonged or repeated exposure H373: May cause damage to liver through prolonged or repeated exposure H373: May cause damage to spleen through prolonged or repeated exposure
Aspiration hazard	Classification not possible

Environmental hazards^[7]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Hazardous to the aquatic environment short term	Not classified
Hazardous to the aquatic environment long term	Not classified
Hazardous to the ozone layer	Classification not possible

Preparations

Reaction of carboxylic acid, tetrahydridoaluminate, and hydrogen ion

The reaction of propanoic acid, lithium tetrahydridoaluminate, and hydrogen ion yields 2-Propanol, lithium ion, aluminium ion, and water.

Reaction of propanoic acid, lithium tetrahydridoaluminate, and hydrogen ion ◆ Δ_rG −801 kJ/mol K 2.13 × 10¹⁴⁰ pK −140.33: 2C₂H₅COOHPropanoic acid + Li[AlH₄]Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate + 4H⁺Hydrogen ion
① Li[AlH₄]
⟶
② H⁺
2CH₃CHOHCH₃2-Propanol + Li⁺Lithium ion + Al³⁺Aluminium ion + 2H₂OWater

Chemical reactions

Dehydration of 2-Propanol

The reaction of 2-Propanol yields propene and water.

Dehydration of 2-Propanol ◆ Δ_rG 6.0 kJ/mol K 0.89 × 10⁻¹ pK 1.05: CH₃CHOHCH₃2-Propanol
H₂SO₄, 🔥
⟶

C₃H₆↑Propene + H₂OWater

References

List of references

1
George A. Burdock (2009)
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, 6th edition
https://www.routledge.com/Fenarolis-Handbook-of-Flavor-Ingredients/Burdock/p/book/9781420090772
CRC Press
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Odor, Alcoholic, unpleasant odor - p.1020
2
Maryadele J O'Neil, Patricia E. Heckelman, Peter H. Dobbelaar, Cristin J. Roman, Catherine M. Kenny, Linda S. Karaffa (2013)
The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Edition
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-670-1
Royal Society of Chemistry
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Odor, Slight, alcoholic, acetone odor - p.965
- ^ Density, 0.78505 g/cm³ - p.965
- ^ Density, 0.78084 g/cm³ - p.965
- ^ Melting point, −88.5 °C - p.965
- ^ Boiling point, 82.5 °C - p.965
- ^ Flash point, 11.7°C - p.965
- ^ Refractive index, 1.37723 (20°C) - p.965
- ^ Refractive index, 1.3749 (25°C) - p.965
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with water - p.965
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with ethanol - p.965
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with diethyl ether - p.965
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with trichloromethane - p.965
3
Fisher Scientific
Fisher Scientific: Lab Equipment and Lab Supplies
https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/home.html
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Citation list
- ^ Odor, Alcoholic odor [Reference page]
4
Office of Response and Restoration
CAMEO Chemicals
https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Citation list
- ^ Odor, Strong, musty, alcoholic odor [Reference page]
5
James G. Speight (2017)
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 17th edition
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781259586095
McGraw Hill Education
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 0.7855 g/cm³ - p.658
- ^ Melting point, −89.5 °C - p.658
- ^ Boiling point, 82.4 °C - p.658
- ^ Flash point, 12°C - p.658
- ^ Refractive index, 1.3772 (20°C) - p.658
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 5.37 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.1016
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 39.9 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.1016
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C, 45.4 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.1016
- ^ Δ_fH°, -318.1 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ Δ_fG°, -180.3 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ S°, 181.1 J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ C_p°, 155.0 J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ Δ_fH°, -272.6 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ Δ_fG°, -173.4 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ S°, 309.2 J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ C_p°, 89.3 J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹ - p.982
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with water - p.658
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with ethanol - p.658
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with trichloromethane - p.658
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with diethyl ether - p.658
6
John R. Rumble Jr, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2019)
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th Edition
https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics/book-series/CRCHANCHEPHY
CRC Press
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 0.7855 g/cm³ - p.3-46
- ^ Melting point, −87.91 °C - p.3-46
- ^ Boiling point, 82.21 °C - p.3-46
- ^ Refractive index, 1.3776 (20°C) - p.3-46
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 5.41 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-160
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 39.85 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-150
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C, 45.39 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-150
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with water - p.3-46
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with ethanol - p.3-46
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Miscible with trichloromethane - p.3-46
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Soluble in acetone - p.3-46
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Soluble in trichloromethane - p.3-46
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Very soluble in benzene - p.3-46
7
Chemical Management Center
GHS Classification Results
https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/all_fy_e.html
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
Citation list

Δ_rG	−801 kJ/mol
K	2.13 × 10¹⁴⁰
pK	−140.33

Δ_rG	6.0 kJ/mol
K	0.89 × 10⁻¹
pK	1.05

2-Propanol

Names

List of substance names

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Properties

List of substance properties

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Ratio of atoms

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Standard thermodynamic properties

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Hazards

GHS label[7]

Physical hazards[7]

Health hazards[7]

Environmental hazards[7]

Preparations

Reaction of carboxylic acid, tetrahydridoaluminate, and hydrogen ion

Chemical reactions

Dehydration of 2-Propanol

References

List of references

Related substances

Aliphatic alcohol

Related categories

GHS label^[7]

Physical hazards^[7]

Health hazards^[7]

Environmental hazards^[7]