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Pentanal

Skeletal structure of pentanal with terminal carbon

Pentanal is an organic compound with formula C4H9CHO.

Table of contents
  1. 1Names
  2. 2Formulae and structures
  3. 3Properties
  4. 4Constituents
  5. 5Thermodynamic properties
  6. 6Solubility
  7. 7Hazards
  8. 8Preparations
  9. 9Chemical reactions
  10. 10References
  11. 11Related substances
  12. 12Related categories

Names

List of substance names

Nomenclature
Name
Typical name
Pentanal
Substitutive nomenclature
Pentanal
★Preferred IUPAC name
Functional class nomenclature
Pentyl aldeyde
Other names
n-Pentanal
n-Pentyl aldehyde
Valeraldehyde
n-Valeraldehyde
Valeric aldehyde
n-Valeric aldehyde
Amylaldehyde
n-Amylaldehyde
Amyl aldehyde
n-Amyl aldehyde
Pentaldehyde
Pentanaldehyde
Aldehyde C-5

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Formula name
Formula
Typical formula
C4H9CHO
Molecular formula
C4H9CHO
Empirical formula
C5H10O
Condensed formula
CH3(CH2)3CHO
Structural formula
Chemical structure of pentanal
Structural formula with no C–H bond
Chemical structure of pentanal with no C-H bond
Skeletal formula
Skeletal structure of pentanal
Skeletal formula with terminal carbon
Skeletal structure of pentanal with terminal carbon
Lewis structure
Lewis structure of pentanal
Colored Lewis structure
Colored Lewis structure of pentanal

Properties

List of substance properties

Item
Value
Name
Pentanal
Formula
C4H9CHO
Appearance
Colorless liquid
Odor
Strong, unpleasant, pungent odor[1]
Odorless[2]
Molar mass
86.134 g/mol
Density
0.8095 g/cm3[3][4][5]
Liquid, 20°C
Melting point
−92 °C[4]
−81.5 °C[5]
Boiling point
102–103 °C[3]
103 °C[4][5]
Flash point
12 °C
Refractive index
1.3944[3][5]
20°C
1.3942[4]
20°C

Constituents

Constituent atoms

AtomNameOxidation stateNumber
CCarbon−31
CCarbon−23
HHydrogen+110
CCarbon+11
OOxygen−21

Ratio of atoms

AtomAtomic weightNumberAtomic ratioWeight ratio
C12.011531.25%69.72%
H1.0081062.50%11.70%
O15.99916.25%18.57%
CHOAtomic ratio
CHOWeight ratio

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Item
Value
Enthalpy of fusion
Enthalpy of vaporization
Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C
38.8 kJ · mol−1[4]
Enthalpy of other transition

Standard thermodynamic properties

State
Standard enthalpy
of formation
ΔfH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard Gibbs
energy of
formation
ΔfG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
molar entropy
S°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard molar
heat capacity at
constant pressure
Cp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Gas−228.5[4]−108.3[4]383.0[4]125.4[4]

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Reactive
Miscible
Very soluble
Soluble
Slightly soluble
Very slightly soluble
Insoluble

Solubility in water (g/100 g)[4]

25°C
1.4

Solubility curve (g/100 g)

0°C20°C40°C60°C80°C100°CTemperature (°C)0.00.51.01.52.0Solubility (g/100 g)

Hazards

GHS label[6]

Physical hazards[6]

Health hazards[6]

Environmental hazards[6]

Preparations

Reaction of alcohol, chromium vi compound, and hydrogen ion

Oxidation of alcohol can yield pentanal.

Reaction of 1-Pentanol, chromium(VI) oxide, and hydrogen ion
3C5H11OH1-Pentanol + 2CrO3Chromium(VI) oxide + 6H+Hydrogen ion
3C4H9CHOPentanal + 2Cr3+Chromium(III) ion + 6H2OWater
Reaction of 1-Pentanol, dichromic acid, and hydrogen ion
3C5H11OH1-Pentanol + H2Cr2O7Dichromic acid + 6H+Hydrogen ion
3C4H9CHOPentanal + 2Cr3+Chromium(III) ion + 7H2OWater
Reaction of 1-Pentanol, chromic acid, and hydrogen ion
3C5H11OH1-Pentanol + 2H2CrO4Chromic acid + 6H+Hydrogen ion
3C4H9CHOPentanal + 2Cr3+Chromium(III) ion + 8H2OWater
Reaction of 1-Pentanol, sodium dichromate, and hydrogen ion
3C5H11OH1-Pentanol + Na2Cr2O7Sodium dichromate + 8H+Hydrogen ion
3C4H9CHOPentanal + 2Cr3+Chromium(III) ion + 2Na+Sodium ion + 7H2OWater
Reaction of 1-Pentanol, sodium chromate, and hydrogen ion
3C5H11OH1-Pentanol + 2Na2CrO4Sodium chromate + 10H+Hydrogen ion
3C4H9CHOPentanal + 2Cr3+Chromium(III) ion + 4Na+Sodium ion + 8H2OWater

Chemical reactions

Reaction with hydrogen

The reaction of pentanal and hydrogen yields 1-Pentanol.

References

List of references

  1. 1
    George A. Burdock (2009)
    Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, 6th edition
    CRC Press

  2. 2
    Fisher Scientific
    Fisher Scientific: Lab Equipment and Lab Supplies
    Thermo Fisher Scientific

  3. 3
    Maryadele J O'Neil, Patricia E. Heckelman, Peter H. Dobbelaar, Cristin J. Roman, Catherine M. Kenny, Linda S. Karaffa (2013)
    The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 15th Edition
    Royal Society of Chemistry

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