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Tin

Chemical structure of tin

Tin is an elementary substance of main group element with formula Sn.

Table of contents
  1. 1Names
  2. 2Formulae and structures
  3. 3Properties
  4. 4Constituents
  5. 5Thermodynamic properties
  6. 6Solubility
  7. 7Hazards
  8. 8Preparations
  9. 9Chemical reactions
  10. 10References
  11. 11Related substances
  12. 12Related categories

Names

List of substance names

Nomenclature
Name
Typical name
Tin
Other names

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Formula name
Formula
Typical formula
Sn
Compositional formula
Sn
Structural formula
Chemical structure of tin
Lewis structure
Lewis structure of tin
Colored Lewis structure
Colored Lewis structure of tin

Properties

List of substance properties

Item
Value
Name
Tin
Formula
Sn
Appearance
Silver white solid
β-tin
Gray solid
α-tin
Odor
Odorless
Molar mass
118.710 g/mol
Density
7.265 g/cm3[1]
Solid, White tin (β-tin)
7.287 g/cm3[2]
Solid, White tin (β-tin)
5.769 g/cm3[2]
Solid, Gray tin (α-tin)
Melting point
231.928 °C[1][2]
White tin (β-tin)
13.2 °C[2]
Gray tin (α-tin) to White tin (β-tin)
Boiling point
2602 °C[1]
2586 °C[2]

Constituents

Constituent atoms

AtomNameOxidation stateNumber
SnTin01

Ratio of atoms

AtomAtomic weightNumberAtomic ratioWeight ratio
Sn118.7101100.00%100.00%
SnAtomic ratio
SnWeight ratio

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Item
Value
Enthalpy of fusion
7.03 kJ · mol−1[1]
White tin, at 231.928°C
7.15 kJ · mol−1[2]
White tin, at 231.928°C
Enthalpy of vaporization
296.1 kJ · mol−1[1]
White tin, at 2602°C
Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C
Enthalpy of other transition
2.09 kJ · mol−1[1]
White tin, at 13°C

Standard thermodynamic properties

State
Standard enthalpy
of formation
ΔfH°
kJ · mol−1
Standard Gibbs
energy of
formation
ΔfG°
kJ · mol−1
Standard
molar entropy
S°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Standard molar
heat capacity at
constant pressure
Cp°
J · K−1 · mol−1
Crystalline solid
white
0[3]0[3]51.55[3]26.99[3]
Crystalline solid
gray
−2.09[3]0.13[3]44.14[3]25.77[3]
Gas302.1[3]267.3[3]168.486[3]21.259[3]

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Reactive
Miscible
Very soluble
Soluble
HCl (aq)[1]Concentrated hydrochloric acid
H2SO4[1]Hot concentrated sulfuric acid
Slightly soluble
Very slightly soluble
Insoluble

Hazards

GHS label[4]

Physical hazards[4]

Health hazards[4]

Environmental hazards[4]

Preparations

Reaction of reducing nonmetal and oxide

The reaction of reducing nonmetal and oxide can yield tin.

Reaction of hydrogen and tin(II) oxide
ΔrG19.8 kJ/mol
K0.34 × 10−3
pK3.47
Reaction of hydrogen and tin(IV) oxide
ΔrG45.3 kJ/mol
K0.12 × 10−7
pK7.94
Reaction of carbon and tin(IV) oxide
ΔrG125.2 kJ/mol
K0.12 × 10−21
pK21.93
Reaction of carbon and tin(II) oxide
ΔrG119.7 kJ/mol
K0.11 × 10−20
pK20.97
Reaction of carbon and tin(IV) oxide
ΔrG245.3 kJ/mol
K0.11 × 10−42
pK42.97

Electrolysis

Electrolysis of tin(IV) chloride yields tin and chlorine.

Electrolysis of tin(IV) chloride
ΔrG440.1 kJ/mol
K0.79 × 10−77
pK77.10

Decomposition

Decomposition of thermally decomposable substance can yield tin.

Decomposition of tin(II) oxide
ΔrG513.8 kJ/mol
K0.97 × 10−90
pK90.01

Chemical reactions

Reaction with nonmetal

The reaction of tin and nonmetal yields binary compound of tin.

Reaction of tin and oxygen
ΔrG−513.8 kJ/mol
K1.03 × 1090
pK−90.01
Reaction of tin and oxygen
ΔrG−519.6 kJ/mol
K1.07 × 1091
pK−91.03

Reaction with acid

The reaction of tin and acid yields salt and hydrogen.

Reaction of tin and hydrogen chloride
ΔrG−58.9 kJ/mol
K2.08 × 1010
pK−10.32

Reaction with strong base and water

The reaction of tin, strong base, and water yields complex salt and hydrogen.

Reaction with water

The reaction of tin and water yields hydroxide base/basic oxide and hydrogen.

Reaction of tin and water
ΔrG−19.8 kJ/mol
K2.94 × 103
pK−3.47
Reaction of tin and water
ΔrG−17.3 kJ/mol
K1.07 × 103
pK−3.03

Reaction with acidic oxide and water

The reaction of tin, acidic oxide, and water yields salt and hydrogen.

Reaction with oxidizing species

The reaction of tin and oxidizing species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of tin and chlorine
ΔrG−440.1 kJ/mol
K1.27 × 1077
pK−77.10
Reaction of tin and bromine
ΔrG−358.1 kJ/mol
K5.45 × 1062
pK−62.74
Reaction of tin and dichlorine monoxide
ΔrG−715.4 kJ/mol
K2.15 × 10125
pK−125.33
Reaction of tin and lead(IV) oxide
ΔrG−302.3 kJ/mol
K9.13 × 1052
pK−52.96

Reaction with reducible species

The reaction of tin and reducible species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of tin and sulfur
ΔrG−98.3 kJ/mol
K1.67 × 1017
pK−17.22

Reaction with hardly reducible species

The reaction of tin and manganese(II) oxide yields tin(II) oxide and manganese.

Reaction of tin and manganese(II) oxide
ΔrG106.0 kJ/mol
K0.27 × 10−18
pK18.57

References

List of references

  1. 1
  2. 2
    John R. Rumble Jr, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2019)
    CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th Edition
    CRC Press

  3. 3
  4. 4