Zinc

Last updated: March 31, 2022

Zinc is an elementary substance of main group element with formula Zn.

Table of contents

Names

List of substance names

Nomenclature

Name

Typical name: Zinc

Compositional nomenclature: Zinc

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Formula name

Formula

Typical formula: Zn

Compositional formula: Zn

Structural formula

Lewis structure

Colored Lewis structure

Properties

List of substance properties

Item

Value

Name: Zinc

Formula: Zn

Appearance: Silver white solid

Odor: Odorless

Molar mass: 65.38 g/mol

Density: 7.14 g/cm³^[1]
Solid; 7.134 g/cm³^[2]
Solid

Melting point: 419.527 °C^[1][2]

Boiling point: 907 °C^[1][2]

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Atom	Name	Oxidation state	Number
Zn	Zinc	0	1

Ratio of atoms

Atom	Atomic weight	Number	Atomic ratio	Weight ratio
Zn	65.38	1	100.00%	100.00%

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Item

Value

Enthalpy of fusion: 7.32 kJ · mol⁻¹^[1]
at 419.527°C; 7.068 kJ · mol⁻¹^[2]
at 419.527°C

Enthalpy of vaporization: 123.6 kJ · mol⁻¹^[1]
at 907°C

Enthalpy of vaporization at 25°C: –

Enthalpy of other transition: –

Standard thermodynamic properties

State	Standard enthalpy of formation Δ_fH° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard Gibbs energy of formation Δ_fG° kJ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar entropy S° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹	Standard molar heat capacity at constant pressure C_p° J · K⁻¹ · mol⁻¹
Crystalline solid	0^[3]	0^[3]	41.63^[3]	25.40^[3]
Gas	130.729^[3]	95.145^[3]	160.984^[3]	20.786^[3]

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Reactive

Miscible

Very soluble

Soluble: HA^[1]Acid
MOH^[1]Alkali

Slightly soluble

Very slightly soluble

Insoluble: H₂O^[1]Water

Hazards

GHS label^[4]

Item

Value

Hazard pictograms: GHS09: Environment

Signal word: Warning

Hazard statements: H320: Causes eye irritation; H400: Very toxic to aquatic life; H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects

Physical hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Explosives	Not applicable
Flammable gases	Not applicable
Aerosols	Not applicable
Oxidizing gases	Not applicable
Gases under pressure	Not applicable
Flammable liquids	Not applicable
Flammable solids	Classification not possible
Self reactive substances and mixtures	Not applicable
Pyrophoric liquids	Not applicable
Pyrophoric solids	Not classified
Self heating substances and mixtures	Classification not possible
Substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases	Classification not possible
Oxidizing liquids	Not applicable
Oxidizing solids	Not applicable
Organic peroxides	Not applicable
Substances and mixtures corrosive to metals	Classification not possible
Desensitized explosives	No data

Health hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Hazard statement
Acute oral toxicity	Not classified
Acute dermal toxicity	Classification not possible
Acute inhalation toxicity by gas	Not applicable
Acute inhalation toxicity by vapor	Classification not possible
Acute inhalation toxicity by dust or mist	Not classified
Skin corrosion irritation	Not classified
Serious eye damage eye irritation	Category 2B	H320: Causes eye irritation
Respiratory sensitization	Classification not possible
Skin sensitization	Not classified
Germ cell mutagenicity	Classification not possible
Carcinogenicity	Classification not possible
Reproductive toxicity	Classification not possible
Specific target organ toxicity single exposure	Classification not possible
Specific target organ toxicity repeated exposure	Classification not possible
Aspiration hazard	Classification not possible

Environmental hazards^[4]

Classification	Category	Label	Hazard statement
Hazardous to the aquatic environment short term	Category 1	Warning	H400: Very toxic to aquatic life
Hazardous to the aquatic environment long term	Category 1	Warning	H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
Hazardous to the ozone layer	No data

Preparations

Reaction of reducing nonmetal and oxide

The reaction of reducing nonmetal and oxide can yield zinc.

Reaction of hydrogen and zinc oxide ◆ Δ_rG 81.17 kJ/mol K 0.60 × 10⁻¹⁴ pK 14.22: H₂Hydrogen + ZnOZinc oxide
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + H₂OWater

Reaction of carbon and zinc oxide ◆ Δ_rG 181.13 kJ/mol K 0.19 × 10⁻³¹ pK 31.73: CCarbon + ZnOZinc oxide
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + CO↑Carbon monoxide

Decomposition

Decomposition of thermally decomposable substance can yield zinc.

Decomposition of zinc iodide ◆ Δ_rG 208.95 kJ/mol K 0.25 × 10⁻³⁶ pK 36.61: ZnI₂Zinc iodide
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + I₂Iodine

Decomposition of zinc carbonate ◆ Δ_rG 594.35 kJ/mol K 0.75 × 10⁻¹⁰⁴ pK 104.13: ZnCO₃Zinc carbonate
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + O₂↑Oxygen + CO↑Carbon monoxide

Decomposition of zinc sulfate ◆ Δ_rG 571.3 kJ/mol K 0.82 × 10⁻¹⁰⁰ pK 100.09: ZnSO₄Zinc sulfate
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + SO₂↑Sulfur dioxide + O₂↑Oxygen

Decomposition of zinc sulfate ◆ Δ_rG 871.5 kJ/mol K 0.21 × 10⁻¹⁵² pK 152.68: ZnSO₄Zinc sulfate
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + SSulfur + 2O₂↑Oxygen

Decomposition of zinc chromate: ZnCrO₄Zinc chromate
🔥
⟶
ZnZinc + CrChromium + 2O₂↑Oxygen

Chemical reactions

Reaction with nonmetal

The reaction of zinc and nonmetal yields binary compound of zinc.

Reaction of zinc and oxygen ◆ Δ_rG −636.60 kJ/mol K 3.37 × 10¹¹¹ pK −111.53: 2ZnZinc + O₂Oxygen
⟶
2ZnOZinc oxide

Reaction of zinc and fluorine ◆ Δ_rG −713.3 kJ/mol K 9.22 × 10¹²⁴ pK −124.96: ZnZinc + F₂Fluorine
⟶
ZnF₂Zinc fluoride

Reaction of zinc and chlorine ◆ Δ_rG −369.398 kJ/mol K 5.20 × 10⁶⁴ pK −64.72: ZnZinc + Cl₂Chlorine
⟶
ZnCl₂Zinc chloride

Reaction of zinc and bromine ◆ Δ_rG −312.13 kJ/mol K 4.82 × 10⁵⁴ pK −54.68: ZnZinc + Br₂Bromine
⟶
ZnBr₂Zinc bromide

Reaction of zinc and iodine ◆ Δ_rG −208.95 kJ/mol K 4.04 × 10³⁶ pK −36.61: ZnZinc + I₂Iodine
⟶
ZnI₂Zinc iodide

Reaction with acid

The reaction of zinc and acid yields salt and hydrogen.

Reaction of zinc and hydrogen fluoride ◆ Δ_rG −166.9 kJ/mol K 1.74 × 10²⁹ pK −29.24: ZnZinc + 2HFHydrogen fluoride
⟶
ZnF₂Zinc fluoride + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc and hydrogen chloride ◆ Δ_rG −178.800 kJ/mol K 2.11 × 10³¹ pK −31.32: ZnZinc + 2HClHydrogen chloride
⟶
ZnCl₂Zinc chloride + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc and hydrogen bromide ◆ Δ_rG −205.23 kJ/mol K 9.01 × 10³⁵ pK −35.95: ZnZinc + 2HBrHydrogen bromide
⟶
ZnBr₂Zinc bromide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc and hydrogen iodide ◆ Δ_rG −212.35 kJ/mol K 1.59 × 10³⁷ pK −37.20: ZnZinc + 2HIHydrogen iodide
⟶
ZnI₂Zinc iodide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc and hydrogen sulfide ◆ Δ_rG −167.73 kJ/mol K 2.43 × 10²⁹ pK −29.39: ZnZinc + H₂SHydrogen sulfide
⟶
ZnSZinc sulfide + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction with water

The reaction of zinc and water yields hydroxide base/basic oxide and hydrogen.

Reaction of zinc and water ◆ Δ_rG −81.17 kJ/mol K 1.66 × 10¹⁴ pK −14.22: ZnZinc + H₂OWater
⟶
ZnOZinc oxide + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc and water ◆ Δ_rG −79.55 kJ/mol K 8.64 × 10¹³ pK −13.94: ZnZinc + 2H₂OWater
⟶
Zn(OH)₂Zinc hydroxide + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction with acidic oxide and water

The reaction of zinc, acidic oxide, and water yields salt and hydrogen.

Reaction of zinc, sulfur trioxide, and water ◆ Δ_rG −260.6 kJ/mol K 4.52 × 10⁴⁵ pK −45.66: ZnZinc + SO₃Sulfur trioxide + H₂OWater
⟶
ZnSO₄Zinc sulfate + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc, tetraphosphorus decaoxide, and water: 6ZnZinc + P₄O₁₀Tetraphosphorus decaoxide + 6H₂OWater
⟶
2Zn₃(PO₄)₂Zinc phosphate + 6H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc, carbon dioxide, and water ◆ Δ_rG −100.03 kJ/mol K 3.35 × 10¹⁷ pK −17.52: ZnZinc + CO₂Carbon dioxide + H₂OWater
⟶
ZnCO₃Zinc carbonate + H₂Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc, chromium(VI) oxide, and water: ZnZinc + CrO₃Chromium(VI) oxide + H₂OWater
⟶
ZnCrO₄Zinc chromate + H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction of zinc, diarsenic pentaoxide, and water ◆ Δ_rG −401 kJ/mol K 1.79 × 10⁷⁰ pK −70.25: 3ZnZinc + As₂O₅Diarsenic pentaoxide + 3H₂OWater
⟶
Zn₃(AsO₄)₂Zinc arsenate + 3H₂↑Hydrogen

Reaction with oxidizing species

The reaction of zinc and oxidizing species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of zinc and potassium permanganate ◆ Δ_rG −1075.0 kJ/mol K 2.15 × 10¹⁸⁸ pK −188.33: 7ZnZinc + 2KMnO₄Potassium permanganate
⟶
7ZnOZinc oxide + 2MnManganese + K₂OPotassium oxide

Reaction of zinc and potassium permanganate ◆ Δ_rG −1164.2 kJ/mol K 9.10 × 10²⁰³ pK −203.96: 5ZnZinc + 2KMnO₄Potassium permanganate
⟶
5ZnOZinc oxide + 2MnOManganese(II) oxide + K₂OPotassium oxide

Reaction with reducible species

The reaction of zinc and reducible species yields a variety of products.

Reaction of zinc and sulfur ◆ Δ_rG −201.29 kJ/mol K 1.84 × 10³⁵ pK −35.26: ZnZinc + SSulfur
⟶
ZnSZinc sulfide

Reaction of zinc and phosphorus: 3ZnZinc + 2PPhosphorus
⟶
Zn₃P₂Zinc phosphide

Reaction of zinc and manganese(IV) oxide ◆ Δ_rG −171.46 kJ/mol K 1.09 × 10³⁰ pK −30.04: 2ZnZinc + MnO₂Manganese(IV) oxide
⟶
2ZnOZinc oxide + MnManganese

Reaction of zinc and iron(III) oxide ◆ Δ_rG −212.7 kJ/mol K 1.83 × 10³⁷ pK −37.26: 3ZnZinc + Fe₂O₃Iron(III) oxide
⟶
3ZnOZinc oxide + 2FeIron

Reaction with hardly reducible species

The reaction of zinc and manganese(II) oxide yields zinc oxide and manganese.

Reaction of zinc and manganese(II) oxide ◆ Δ_rG 44.60 kJ/mol K 0.15 × 10⁻⁷ pK 7.81: ZnZinc + MnOManganese(II) oxide
🔥
⟶
ZnOZinc oxide + MnManganese

References

List of references

1
James G. Speight (2017)
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 17th edition
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781259586095
McGraw Hill Education
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 7.14 g/cm³ - p.71
- ^ Melting point, 419.527 °C - p.71
- ^ Boiling point, 907 °C - p.71
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 7.32 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.314
- ^ Enthalpy of vaporization, 123.6 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.314
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Insoluble in water - p.71
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Soluble in acid - p.71
- ^ Qualitative solubility, Soluble in alkali - p.71
2
John R. Rumble Jr, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2019)
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 100th Edition
https://www.routledge.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics/book-series/CRCHANCHEPHY
CRC Press
- Amazon
Citation list
- ^ Density, 7.134 g/cm³ - p.4-51
- ^ Melting point, 419.527 °C - p.4-51
- ^ Boiling point, 907 °C - p.4-51
- ^ Enthalpy of fusion, 7.068 kJ · mol⁻¹ - p.6-162
3
Janiel J. Reed (1989)
The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI Units
https://doi.org/10.18434/M32124
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Citation list
4
Chemical Management Center
GHS Classification Results
https://www.nite.go.jp/chem/english/ghs/all_fy_e.html
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
Citation list

Δ_rG	81.17 kJ/mol
K	0.60 × 10⁻¹⁴
pK	14.22

Δ_rG	181.13 kJ/mol
K	0.19 × 10⁻³¹
pK	31.73

Δ_rG	208.95 kJ/mol
K	0.25 × 10⁻³⁶
pK	36.61

Δ_rG	594.35 kJ/mol
K	0.75 × 10⁻¹⁰⁴
pK	104.13

Zinc

Names

List of substance names

Formulae and structures

List of formulae

Properties

List of substance properties

Constituents

Constituent atoms

Ratio of atoms

Thermodynamic properties

Phase transition properties

Standard thermodynamic properties

Solubility

Qualitative solubility

Hazards

GHS label[4]

Physical hazards[4]

Health hazards[4]

Environmental hazards[4]

Preparations

Reaction of reducing nonmetal and oxide

Decomposition

Chemical reactions

Reaction with nonmetal

Reaction with acid

Reaction with water

Reaction with acidic oxide and water

Reaction with oxidizing species

Reaction with reducible species

Reaction with hardly reducible species

References

List of references

Related substances

Elementary substances of group 12 element

Zinc compounds

Related categories

Classification by constituent

Type of substance

State of substance

Property of substance

Solubility of substance

Odor of substance

GHS label^[4]

Physical hazards^[4]

Health hazards^[4]

Environmental hazards^[4]